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Cancer Treatments offered at Best Hospital in India

We answer your all question and explain how to choose the top hospital or oncologist for better results. To learn more about cancer go below.

Is India the best place for Cancer Treatment?

World’s most skilled and knowledgeable Cancer doctors are now in India with vast experience of working in highly advanced cancer hospitals in USA, Europe and other advanced countries around the globe.

Latest high-end medical technology – such as Brain Suite, PET Scan, CyberKnife , Gamma Knife, IMRT and IGRT that help in quick diagnosis and fast recovery.

Low cost of cancer treatment – Best quality Drugs, Medicines and Consumables for Cancer Care are produced in India at one-tenth the cost in developed nations and hence are the cheapest.

Indian hospitals have well trained English speaking Nurses, Physiotherapists and other supportive staff to provide compassionate care.

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Cancer Treatments offered at Best Hospital in India

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer generally affects men over 50 and is rare in younger men. It’s the most common type of cancer in men. It differs from most other cancers in the body, in that small areas of cancer within the prostate are very common and may stay dormant (inactive) for many years. Most of these cancers grow very slowly and so, particularly in elderly men, are unlikely to cause any problems. In a small proportion of men, prostate cancer can grow more quickly and in some cases may spread to other parts of the body, particularly the bones.

Symptoms are often similar to those of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Men observing the following signs and/or symptoms should see their physician for a thorough examination:

  • Blood in urine or semen
  • Inability to urinate
  • Nagging pain or stiffness in the back,hips,upper thighs or pelvis
  • Weak or interrupted urine flow,Painful ejaculation
  • Pain or burning during urination (Dysuria)

How Prostate cancer is Diagnosed?

Digital rectal exam (DRE)

The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum and feels the prostate through the rectal wall for lumps or abnormal areas.

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test

A test that measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is a substance made by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer. PSA levels may also be high in men who have an infection or inflammation of the prostate or BPH (an enlarged, but noncancerous, prostate).

Transrectal ultrasound

A procedure in which a probe that is about the size of a finger is inserted into the rectum to check the prostate. The probe is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. Transrectal ultrasound may be used during a biopsy procedure.

Biopsy

The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist. The pathologist will examine the biopsy sample to check for cancer cells and determine the Gleason score. The Gleason score ranges from 2-10 and describes how likely it is that a tumor will spread. The lower the number, the less likely the tumor is to spread. There are 2 types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose prostate cancer

  • Transrectal biopsy: The removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the rectum and into the prostate. This procedure is usually done using transrectal ultrasound to help guide the needle.
  • Transperineal biopsy: The removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the skin between the scrotum and rectum and into the prostate.

If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the other tests( e.g Radionuclide bone scan, MRI. Pelvic lymphadenectomy, Seminal vesicle biopsy) are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the prostate or to other parts of the body.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the malignancy that starts in the cervix. Cervical cancer instigate from the cells located on the surface of the cervix. Cervical cancer occurs in several forms. The most common is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for 85 to 90 percent of cervical cancers. Other forms include adenocarcinomas and combination cancers such as adenosquamous carcinoma. Some strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus transmitted during sex, play a role in causing most cases of cervical cancer. The type of cervical cancer is determined by the type of cell where the early genetic mutation occurred. The type also helps in determining the specific treatment for a patient. There are two main types of cervical cancer that include –

  • Adenocarcinomas: This type takes place in the glandular cells lining the cervical canal. Adenocarcinomas accounts for a smaller portion of all cervical cancers.
  • Squamous Cell Carcinomas: This type starts in the flat and thin cells lining the bottom of the cervix. Squamous cell carcinomas make up for a large majority of cervical cancers.

Abnormal cervical cell changes rarely cause symptoms. But you may have symptoms if those cell changes grow into cervical cancer. Symptoms of cervical cancer may include:

  • Bleeding from the vagina that is not normal or a change in your menstrual cycle.
  • Bleeding when something comes in contact with your cervix, such as during sex
  • Pain during sex
  • Vaginal discharge that is tinged with blood
  • Leakage of urine or feces from vagina
  • Swelling in legs.
  • Loss of weight.

Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

The role of the Pap smear is to screen for cervical cancers and cervical pre-cancers. In its early stages, cervical cancer usually has no symptoms.

Pap smear : In this test, Gyneconcologist collects cells from the cervix during a vaginal exam to look for abnormal, or precancerous, changes in the lining of the cervix

Colposcopy : If the Pap smear results are abnormal, Gyneconcologist may check the cervix using a magnifying lens (colposcopy) and collects and examines cells (biopsy) to determine whether cancer is present.

Some other tests are also ordered when cervical cancer is diagnosed. The spread of the cancer can be easily determined with the help of these tests. The different tests include

  • MRI of the pelvis
  • Chest x-ray
  • Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
  • CT scan of the pelvis
  • MRI of the pelvis
Oral Cancer

Oral cancer is part of a group of cancers called head and neck cancers. Oral cancer can develop in any part of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Most oral cancers begin in the tongue and in the floor of the mouth. Almost all oral cancers begin in the flat cells (squamous cells) that cover the surfaces of the mouth, tongue, and lips. These cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. When oral cancer spreads (metastasizes), it usually travels through the lymphatic system. Cancer cells that enter the lymphatic system are carried along by lymph, a clear, watery fluid. The cancer cells often appear first in nearby lymph nodes in the neck.

Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the neck, the lungs, and other parts of the body. When this happens, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells as the primary tumor. For example, if oral cancer spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells in the lungs are actually oral cancer cells. The disease is metastatic oral cancer, not lung cancer. It is treated as oral cancer, not lung cancer.Oral cancer happens when there is something wrong or unusual in the normal cell lifecycle. This abnormal working of the cell lifecycle results in uncontrollable growth and reproduction of these cells.

Symptoms of Oral Cancer
  • Dramatic weight loss
  • Bumps or lumps, thickenings/swellings, rough spots or eroded areas or crusts on the gums, lips and/or other areas within the mouth
  • Ear pain
  • Persistent sores on the mouth, face or neck that causes bleedings and that do not heal within two weeks
  • A change in the way the dentures or teeth fit together
  • Pain, unexplained numbness, loss of feeling in any area of the neck, face or mouth
  • Change in voice, hoarseness or chronic sore throat
  • Unexplained bleeding in the mouth
  • Problem in speaking, moving the tongue or jaw, swallowing or chewing
Treatment of Oral Cancer
  • Removal of the tumor or a larger area to remove the tumor and surrounding healthy tissue
  • Removal of part or all of the jaw
  • Maxillectomy (removal of bone in the roof of the mouth)
  • Removal of lymph nodes and other tissue in the neck
  • Plastic surgery, including skin grafts, tissue flaps or dental implants to restore tissues removed from the mouth or neck
  • Tracheotomy, or placing a hole in the windpipe, to assist in breathing for patients with large tumors or after surgical removal of the tumor
  • Dental surgery to remove teeth or assist with reconstruction
Non Surgery
  • Biological Therapy: The activity of the cancer cells is changed with the help of biological therapy. A type of biological therapy is known as Cetuximab that is also referred to as a monoclonal antibody. The surface of the cancer cells that triggers the development of cancer cells is blocked with the help of Cetuximab.
  • Chemotherapy: This therapy makes use of drugs for destroying the cancer cells. The injection of these drugs is done into a vein. Chemotherapy can also be combined with radiation therapy. Chemotherapy destroys the cancer cell that may have traveled somewhere else in the body while radiotherapy destroys the cancer area.
  • Radiotherapy: This therapy makes use of radiation for destroying cancer cells. This therapy shrinks the tumor by targeting a beam of radiation onto the cancer cells. Rarely, a radioactivity source can be implanted in the mouth that is known as Brachytherapy. The nearby tissues are not damaged by this therapy.
Bone Cancer

Bone cancer is considered as a rare cancer that develops in a bone. This cancer can start in any bone in the body and mostly long bones are affected that make up the legs and arms. Many bone tumors are benign that means they are non-cancerous and does not spread to any part of the body. Normal bone tissue is destroyed by this cancer and can spread to different body parts (known as metastasis). As a whole, bone cancer is categorized based on whether the cancer originated in the bone (primary) or whether it spread from another location to the bone (secondary). Secondary bone cancer, or cancer that has spread to the bone from another part of the body, is much more common than primary bone cancer.

Bone cancer symptoms may vary based on the type of bone cancer, but pain is the most commonly experienced symptom. Bone cancer most often occurs in the long bones of the body (arms and legs), so these are the most common sites for pain. Keep in mind that not all bone tumors are cancerous; some are benign. Bone pain is more often related to a benign condition, like an injury, than it is to cancer.

Other symptoms of bone cancer include

  • Joint tenderness or inflammation
  • Fractures due to bone weakness

Non-specific symptoms like fever, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and anemia can also be symptoms of later stage bone cancer, but are also indicators of other less severe conditions.

Diagnosis of Bone Cancer

  • OPD Consultations
  • X-ray
  • Computerized tomography (CT) Bone scan
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  • Biopsy A sample of tissue (Biopsy) from the tumor is removed for laboratory testing. Testing is done to know whether the tissue is cancerous and, if so, what is the type of cancer. Testing may also reveal the cancer’s grade, which helps oncologists to understand how aggressive the cancer is.

Types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose bone cancer include

  • Inserting a needle through skin and into a tumor. During a needle biopsy, surgical oncologist inserts a thin needle through the skin and guides it into the tumor. The needle is used to remove small pieces of tissue from the tumor.
  • Surgery to remove a tissue sample for testing. During a surgical biopsy, surgical oncologist makes an incision through the skin and removes either the entire tumor (excisional biopsy) or a portion of the tumor (incision biopsy).

Determining the type of biopsy patients need and the particulars of how it should be performed requires careful planning by the oncology team. Surgical Oncologists perform the biopsy in a way that will not interfere with future surgery to remove bone cancer.

Leukemia Blood Cancer

Leukemia(Blood Cancer ) is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood and is the most common type of childhood cancer. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy center of the bones and produces the three types of blood cells: white blood cells that fight infection, red blood cells that carry oxygen and platelets that help with blood clotting and bleeding . Leukemia(Blood Cancer ) begin in the bone marrow from where blood is produced. An uncontrolled growth of an abnormal type of blood cell interrupts the development process of a normal blood cell. The cancerous cells or abnormal blood cells prevent the blood from performing functions such as preventing serious bleeding or fighting off with infections.

Types of Blood Cancer

  • Myeloma : Plasma cells are targeted by this type of blood cancer. Infection and disease fighting antibodies in the body are produced by plasma cells that are basically white blood cells.
  • Leukemia : This type of blood cancer is due to rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. Leukemia can be found in bone marrow and in blood. These abnormal cells are no more able to fight off infection and also impair the bone marrow’s ability to produce platelets and red blood cells.
  • Lymphoma : Lymphatic system that produces immune cells and also removes excess fluids from the body gets affected by lymphoma blood cancer. Lymphocytes are considered as a type of white blood cell that helps in fighting off infection

Diagnosis of Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

A number of tests are performed for diagnosing blood cancer they include

  • Blood Test : The number of some specific blood cells is determined by performing a blood test.
  • Spinal Tap : Certain amount of clear fluid is taken that surrounds the spinal cord and brain. This test is done for checking the presence of cancer cells.
  • Chest X-ray : This x-ray helps in determining the presence of swollen lymph nodes, bone damage or tumors growing in the bone marrow.
  • Physical Exam : Swollen lymph nodes can be determined with the help of this test. Growth of tumors in the bone marrow or damage to the bone can also be determined with the help of a physical examination
  • Biopsy : The presence of cancer cells is determined by taking a sample of a bone marrow while performing a biopsy. This can be done through a bone needle biopsy or bone marrow aspiration.
  • Cytogenetics : The change in the genetic material is determined by this test.

Leukemia(Blood Cancer) Treatment Options Available

Leukemia is not a single disease. Instead, the term leukemia refers to a number of related cancers that start in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. There are both acute and chronic forms of leukemia, each with many subtypes that vary in their response to treatment. In addition, children with leukemia have special needs that are best met by care in pediatric cancer centers.

In general, there are five major approaches to the treatment of leukemia:
  • Chemotherapy to kill leukemia cells using strong anti-cancer drugs
  • Interferon therapy to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote the immune system’s anti-leukemia activity
  • Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells by exposure to high-energy radiation
  • Stem cell transplantation (SCT) to enable treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy
  • Surgery to remove an enlarged spleen or to install a venous access device (large plastic tube) to give medications and withdraw blood samples.
Stem cell transplantation

Younger patients that are at high risk for dying from CLL might consider hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Autologous stem cell transplantation, a lower-risk form of treatment using the patient’s own blood cells, is not curative. Myeloablative (bone marrow killing) forms of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, a high-risk treatment using blood cells from a healthy donor, may be curative for some patients, but most patients cannot tolerate the treatment. An intermediate level, called reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation, may be better tolerated by older or frail patients.

Biological Therapy

Biological therapy, also referred to as immunotherapy, involves the treatment with those substances that affect the ability of an immune system to kill cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies and interferon are the two types of biological therapy. The purpose of monoclonal antibodies is to stick to cancer cells in order to draw the attention of the immune system to these cancer cells. On the other hand, interferon helps in stimulating the immune system so as to destroy the cancer cells. These two options are generally used for chronic leukemia instead of acute leukemia.

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, makes use of energy rays such as X-rays for stopping the growth and multiplication of the cancer cells. This energy is directed at any particular part of the body such as the spleen or also to the entire body.

Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer, is lead by precancerous changes in the lining of the stomach. This cancer is the result of accumulation of malignant or cancerous group of cells that is responsible for developing a tumor anywhere in the stomach. Men are more likely to suffer from stomach cancer as compared to women. This cancer has also been seen in older people who are above 55 years of age.

Gastric cancer can spread to adjacent lymph nodes, and it can grow through the stomach wall to invade nearby organs such as the colon, pancreas, spleen and liver. After growing through the wall of the stomach, this cancer can also spread to the inner lining of the abdomen, the peritoneum and other organs within the abdominal cavity, such as ovaries. In addition, it can spread through the bloodstream to involve the lungs or more-distant organs.

Early stomach cancer often does not cause symptoms. As the cancer grows, the most common symptoms are
  • Discomfort or pain in the stomach area
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Weight loss
  • Feeling full or bloated after a small meal
  • Vomiting blood or having blood in the stool

Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer

If you have a symptom that suggests stomach cancer, your doctor must find out whether it is really due to cancer or to some other cause. Your doctor may refer you to a gastroenterologist, a doctor whose specialty is diagnosing and treating digestive problems.

The doctor asks about your personal and family health history. You may have blood or other lab tests. You also may have

  • Physical Exam : The doctor checks your abdomen for fluid, swelling, or other changes. The doctor also feels for swollen lymph nodes. Your skin and eyes are checked to see if they seem yellow.
  • Upper GI series : The doctor orders x-rays of your esophagus and stomach. The x-rays are taken after you drink a barium solution. The solution makes your stomach show up more clearly on the x-rays.
  • Endoscopy: The doctor uses a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) to look into your stomach. The doctor first numbs your throat with an anesthetic spray. You also may receive medicine to help you relax. The tube is passed through your mouth and esophagus to the stomach.
  • Biopsy: The doctor uses an endoscope to remove tissue from the stomach. A pathologist checks the tissue under a microscope for cancer cells. A biopsy is the only sure way to know if cancer cells are present.

Stomach Cancer Treatment Options Available at Best Hospital in India

Removing a Portion of the Stomach (Subtotal Gastrectomy)

During subtotal Gastrectomy, the surgeon removes only the portion of the stomach affected by cancer. Subtotal gastrectomy can be of two types.

  • Distal subtotal gastrectomy is performed if the tumor cells are present in the lower part of the stomach near to the stomach duodenum junction.
  • Proximal subtotal gastrectomy is done when the tumor is situated in the upper part of the stomach and also involves the esophagus
Removing the Entire Stomach (Total Gastrectomy)

Total Gastrectomy involves removing the entire stomach and some surrounding tissue. The esophagus is then connected directly to the small intestine to allow food to move through your digestive system.

Removing Lymph nodes to look for Cancer

The surgeon examines and removes lymph nodes in your abdomen to look for cancer cells.

Chemotherapy

This therapy uses cancer destroying drugs for treating stomach cancer. When the cancer has invaded the stomach wall layers surrounding the lymph nodes and nearby organs then chemotherapy is given. For shrinking the tumor first, chemotherapy is given before the surgery. It can also be given after the surgery for destroying the remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also be combined with radiation therapy that provides relieves from many cancer symptoms and can also delay the recurrence of the cancer.

Radiation therapy

Doctors may recommend radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy or surgery. Radiation oncologists a have extensive experience in the treatment of gastric cancer, and they use specialized techniques to limit the radiation dose to surrounding healthy tissue.

Liver Cancer

Liver cancer or Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the commonest cancers in the world which have a high incidence of Hepatitis B infection. Apart from Hepatitis B, it may be caused by other diseases that lead to cirrhosis of the liver such as Hepatitis C infection, and alcohol abuse.

Unfortunately, like many other cancers, liver cancer may go undetected until a late stage. It is often brought to attention by an ultrasound or CT scan done for pain in the upper abdomen or another unrelated symptom. Liver cancers are malignant tumors that grow on the surface or inside the liver. Typers of liver cancer are Hepatocellular Carcinoma , Cholangiocarcinoma , Hepatoblastoma and Angiosarcoma or Hemangiosarcoma

The liver cancer symptoms are often indistinct Following are some indications of Liver cancer. The major symptoms are
  • Abdominal pain or tenderness, especially in the upper-right part
  • Weight loss and poor appetite
  • Fever, Fatigue and Nausea
  • Easy bruising or bleeding
  • Enlarged abdomen
  • Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)
  • Ascites – an accumulation of fluid around the liver and intestine

Diagnosis of Liver Cancer

Although there are no standard or routine screening tests for liver cancer, the following tests are being used or studied to screen for it.

Physical examination

Physical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver. Also, your skin and eyes may be checked for signs of jaundice.

Blood Tests

Physical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver. Also, your skin and eyes may be checked for signs of jaundice.

Imaging Studies

Imaging Studies like Abdominal CT scan and Abdominal Ultrasound test


Liver Cancer Treatment Options Available at World’s Best Hospitals in India

The treatment options are dictated by the stage of Liver Cancer and the overall condition of the patient. The treatment to be given depends mainly on the size, number, and site of tumors in the liver. Before planning the appropriate treatment the functioning of the Liver is checked as also the spread of the cancer within and outside the liver is to be tested. The Various treatment options available are as follows

Surgery

Surgery is the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation. It is likely to be the most successful disease-directed treatment, particularly for patients with small tumors (smaller than 5 cm). A surgical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer using surgery.

Hepatectomy

When a portion of the liver is removed, the surgery is called a Hepatectomy. A Hepatectomy can be done only if the cancer is in one part of the liver, and the liver is working well. The remaining section of liver takes over the functions of the entire liver and may regrow to its normal size within a few weeks

Liver Transplantation

Liver transplant may be the best option for some people with small liver cancers. At this time, liver transplants are reserved for those with small tumors (either 1 tumor smaller than 5 cm across or 2 to 3 tumors no larger than 3 cm) that have not invaded nearby blood vessels. In most cases, transplant is used for tumors that cannot be totally removed, either because of the location of the tumors or because the liver is too diseased for the patient to withstand removing part of it.

Chemoembolization

This is a type of chemotherapy treatment in which drugs are injected into the hepatic artery and then the flow of blood through the artery is blocked for a short time so the chemotherapy stays in the tumor longer. Blocking the blood supply to the tumor also kills cancer cells

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells. A doctor who specializes in giving radiation therapy to treat cancer is called a radiation oncologist. A radiation therapy regimen (schedule) usually consists of a specific number of treatments given over a set period of time. External-beam radiation therapy is radiation given from a machine outside the body. External-beam radiation therapy is not often used for HCC.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy is a treatment that targets the cancer’s specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival. This type of treatment blocks the growth and spread of cancer cells while limiting damage to normal cells. Recent studies show that not all tumors have the same targets. To find the most effective treatment, your doctor may run tests to identify the genes, proteins, and other factors in your tumor.

Lung Cancer

A Lung Cancer is when out-of-control cell growth occurs in one or both lungs. The cancer can arise in any part of the lung, but majority of it arises in the epithelial cells, which are the lining of the Bronchi and bronchioles i.e. the larger and the smaller airways of the lungs. Lung cancer is predominantly a disease of the elderly almost 70% of people diagnosed with lung cancer are over 65 years of age.

Lung Cancer is largely classified into two main types based on the cancer’s appearance under a microscope viz. Small Cell Carcinoma which accounts for only 20% of the total lung cancers and Non small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) which accounts for 80% of lung cancers.

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

  • History and physical examination, and imaging with chest X-ray and CT scan or MRI.
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is a specialized imaging technique that uses short-lived radioactive drugs to produce three-dimensional colored images of those substances in the tissues within the body, in a growing tumor.
  • Bone scans are used to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film.
  • Sputum cytology: The diagnosis of lung cancer requires confirmation of malignant cells by a pathologist. The simplest method to establish the diagnosis is the examination of sputum under a microscope.
  • Bronchoscopy: Examination of the airways through a probe inserted through the nose or mouth may reveal areas of tumor that can be sampled (biopsied) for diagnosis by a pathologist.
  • Needle biopsy: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) through the skin, most commonly performed with radiological imaging for guidance, may be useful in retrieving cells for diagnosis from tumor nodules in the lungs.
  • Thoracentesis: Sometimes lung cancers lead to an accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall (called a pleural effusion). Aspiration of a sample of this fluid with a thin needle (thoracentesis) may reveal the cancer cells and establish diagnosis.
  • Bone Scan- to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.

Lung Cancer Treatment Options Available at Best Hospital in India

The treatments for lung cancer depend on the stage of the cancer, personal characteristics, health status, type of the cancer and age. A number of therapies are provided to a patient as there is no single treatment available for lung cancer. Radiation, surgery and chemotherapy are considered as the major lung cancer treatment.

Surgery

One of the oldest methods for treating lung cancer is surgery. The surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding lymph nodes is done if there is I or II stage cancer that has not metastasized. Palliative or curative are the two types of lung cancer surgeries. Palliative surgery may not remove cancer but can remove an open airway or obstruction that was making the patient uncomfortable. Curative surgery removes all types of cancerous tissue in those patients who are in early stage lung cancer.

Chemoembolization

Strong chemicals are used in chemotherapy that interferes with cell division process and damages DNA or proteins. The aim of these treatments is to rapidly divide the cells. The normal cells can be recovered from any chemical-induced damage whereas cancer cells cannot be recovered. The medicines in chemotherapy travel in a systematic way by passing from the complete body and destroying the original tumor cells that have spread in the whole body. Usually many therapies are combined that also includes many types of chemotherapy.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy may be employed as a treatment for both NSCLC and SCLC. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be given as curative therapy, palliative therapy (using lower doses of radiation than with curative therapy), or as adjuvant therapy in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer. Combining radiation therapy with chemotherapy can further prolong survival when chemotherapy is administered. External radiation therapy can generally be carried out on an outpatient basis, while internal radiation therapy requires a brief hospitalization.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy drugs more specifically target cancer cells, resulting in less damage to normal cells than general chemotherapeutic agents. Erlotinib and gefitinib target a protein called the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that is important in promoting the division of cells. This protein is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of some types of cancer cells, including many cases of non-small cell lung cancer.

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is not one single disease. There are several types of breast cancer. It can be diagnosed at different stages of development and can grow at different rates. . You may need help to get the facts straight and to ask the questions that are important to you.If you have any questions, please remember that we offer a range of services for people affected by breast cancer. From diagnosis, through treatment and beyond, our services are here every step of the way. The most common sign of breast cancer is a new lump or a mass. A lump that is painless hard and has uneven edges is likely to be cancer. But some cancer are soft, tender and rounded. All Breast lump are not cancerous, in fact most are benign. However each has to be analyzed and tested as some benign lumps can increase your risk. So its important to have anything unusual checked by your doctor.

Other Signs of Breast Cancer
  • A Swelling of a part of a breast
  • Skin irritation or dimpling in the breast area
  • Unusual Nipple pain or the nipple turning inward
  • Redness or scaliness of the nipples or breast skin
  • A Nipple discharge other than breast milk

Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

With the increased number of breast cancer there has also been increase in the diagnostic tool that can help in identifying the onset of the disease. The diagnostic tools have been listed below

Mammogram

The first diagnostic tool to identify breast cancer is Mammogram. It is an X-ray of the breast that can show the presence of abnormal growth lumps in the breast area

Ultra-Sonography

Use of high frequency sound waves often identifies whether the lump is filled with liquid or solid for further investigation.

Aspiration

Fine needle is inserted in the lump to take the tissue or liquid out from the lump and then a biopsy is performed to test for carcinoma.

Surgical Biopsy

Surgical biopsy removes a small part of lump by surgery and then the lump is tested for further diagnosis.


Breast Cancer Treatment Options at World’s Best Hospital in India

Doctor determines your breast cancer treatment options based on your type of breast cancer, its stage, whether the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones, your overall health and your own preferences.

Six types of standard breast cancer treatment used are
  • Surgery
  • Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery
  • Radiation Therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Hormone Therapy
  • Targeted Therapy
Low Cost Breast Cancer Treatment and Surgery in India

India has been recognized as a new medical destination for Breast Cancer Treatment and Surgery. Thousands of global patients from all across the world fly to India for various medical treatments and surgeries of high quality delivered as practiced in the developed nations and that too within their budget costs. India offers incredible cost saving in various procedures of Breast Cancer Treatment and Surgery, which goes to around 80% less than prevailing USA or UK rates. Even with travel expenses taken into account, the comprehensive medical tourism packages still provide a savings measured in the thousands of dollars for major procedures.

Brain Tumor

A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within the brain or the central spinal canal. Brain tumors can crop up from the brain cells, the membranes around the brain (known as meninges), nerves, or glands. These damage produce inflammation and places pressure within the skull and compresses the brain tissues. All such tumours are intrinsically serious and life-threatening because of its insidious and infiltrative character in the intracranial cavity.The sites of the tumour, the type of tissues involved are certain factors used to classify Brain tumors. They cab be cancerous or non-cancerous. Different types of brain tumors include:

  • Gliomas
  • Meningiomas
  • Ependymomas
  • Craniopharyngiomas
  • Pituitary tumors
  • Pineal gland tumors
  • Lymphoma of the brain
  • Prime germ cell tumors of the brain

Diagnosis of Brain Tumor

A brain tumor diagnosis usually involves several steps, which can include a neurological examination, brain scan(s) and/or a biopsy. A neurological examination is a series of tests to measure the function of the patient’s nervous system and physical and mental alertness. The doctor also examines the eyes to look for swelling caused by a tumor pressing on the nerve that connects the eye and brain.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a scanning device that uses magnetic fields and computers to capture images of the brain on film. The MRI detects signals emitted from normal and abnormal tissue, providing clear images of most tumors.

CT Scan (Computed Tomography) combines sophisticated x-ray and computer technology. CT can show a combination of soft tissue, bone, and blood vessels. CT images can determine some types of tumors, as well as help detect swelling, bleeding, and bone and tissue calcification.

PET SCAN: The PET scan measures the brains activity and sends this information to a computer, which creates a live image. Doctors use PET scans to see the difference between scar tissue, recurring tumor cells, and necrosis (cells destroyed by radiation treatment).

Biopsy: The removal of tissue to look for tumor cells is called a biopsy. A pathologist looks at the cells under a microscope to check for abnormal cells. A biopsy can show cancer, tissue changes that may lead to cancer, and other conditions. A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose a brain tumor.


Brain Tumor Treatment at World’s Best Cancer Hospitals in India

Surgery

Surgery is often the first treatment if the tumour can be removed without causing harm to the surrounding brain tissue. Treatment of brain cancer is usually complex. Most treatment plans involve several consulting doctors.The team of doctors includes neurosurgeons (surgical specialists in the brain and nervous system), oncologists, radiation oncologists (doctors who practice radiation therapy), and of course, your primary health-care provider. A patient’s team may include a dietitian, a social worker, a physical therapist, and probably other specialists.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is not used to treat all brain tumours. It may be used for people with high-grade primary brain tumours, either as an initial treatment alongside radiotherapy, or where the tumour has come back. In this situation, chemotherapy is unlikely to be able to cure a brain tumour, but it can sometimes shrink a tumour down or slow its growth, which can reduce symptoms.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is the use of high-energy rays to kills tumor cells, thereby stopping them from growing and multiplying.Radiation therapy may be used for people who cannot undergo surgery. In other cases, it is used after surgery to kill any tumor calls that may remain. Radiation therapy is a local therapy. This means that it affects only cells in its path. It does not harm cells elsewhere in the body or even elsewhere in the brain.


Latest and Advanced Treatment options for Brain Tumor in India

Brain Tumor is no more a scary health condition as modern technology and advanced surgical modalities now offer near perfect clinical outcomes and the patients can soon return to normal life after surgery.

Colon Cancer

Colon cancer, also known as bowel cancer or colorectal cancer or cancer of the bowel, is the cancer of large intestine (lower part of the digestive system). Majority of colon cancer cases start as small and non-cancerous clumps of the cells known as adenomatous. After a certain period of time, these polyps become colon cancers. These are the third most commonly diagnosed cancers in world. They start as a small proliferated, ulcerated lesions or thickenings from the inner most layers of bowel lining. Left untreated they grow in size, extend through the wall to adjacent organs, involve nearby lymph nodes and at latter stages involve the liver and other distant organs, through blood stream, manifesting as different stages of disease progression.

COLORACTAL CANCER SYMPTOMS

Many cases of colon cancer have no symptoms. The following symptoms, however, may indicate colon cancer

  • Pain and tenderness in lower abdomen
  • Passing of Blood in the stool
  • Constipation, Diarrhea or other changes in bowel habits like narrow stools.
  • Abrupt Weight loss

Diagnosis of Colon Tumor

A number of tests are performed for diagnosing colon cancer that include

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Assay

CEA levels in the blood are measured in this test. The normal as well as cancer cells release CEA in the bloodstream. When these CEA is found in large amounts then it indicates colon cancer.

Proctoscopy

A proctoscope (a thin and tube-like instrument having light and lens for viewing) is inserted into the rectum in this rectum test. Sometimes removal of the tissue is also done by using a tool in order to check the presence of a disease by examining under a microscope.

Physical Examination and History

This is done for examining the general signs of health and also for seeing any indications of disease that may include lumps.

Colonoscopy

This test is performed for viewing the colon and rectum from within in order to see the presence of cancer, polyps or abnormal areas.

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)

This is considered as a test of the rectum. The insertion of the gloved and lubricated finger is done into the lower part of the rectum for viewing the presence of lumps. Vagina is examined in case of women.

Biopsy

The signs of cancer are checked by removing tissues or cells that are then examined under a microscope. The removal of tissue at the time of biopsy is helpful in checking the gene mutation in a patient that is responsible for causing HNPCC.

Certain other tests are also required for finding the cancer cells that have spread inside the rectum and colon or possibly to other body parts that include – Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Assay , Chest x-ray ,Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET) ,CT scan ,Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) .


Treatment Option Available for Colon Cancer at World’s Best Cancer Hospitals in India

Targeted Therapy

Certain substances and drugs are used by the targeted therapy in order to target particular cancer cells without causing any harm to nearby normal cells. The two types of targeted therapy include

  • Angiogenesis Inhibitors : This helps in stopping the growth of new blood vessels which tumors need to grow.
  • Monoclonal Antibodies : These antibodies are prepared in the laboratory with the help of a single type of immune system. Certain substances can be identified by these antibodies that are on the cancer cells or it also indentifies certain normal substances that are helping in the growth of cancer cells. These antibodies then attach themselves with the substances for destroying cancer cells and also prevent them from spreading.
Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and involves in block removal of diseased segment with adequate margins, surrounding tissue and lymph nodes. The names given to such resections are right hemicolectomy, transverse colectomy, left hemicolectomy, sigmoid colectomy, and subtotal colectomy

  • Polypectomy : If the cancer is found in a polyp (a small piece of bulging tissue), the polyp is often removed during a colonoscopy.
  • Local excision : If the cancer is found on the inside surface of the rectum and has not spread into the wall of the rectum, the cancer and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissue is removed.
  • Resection : If the cancer has spread into the wall of the rectum, the section of the rectum with cancer and nearby healthy tissue is removed. Sometimes the tissue between the rectum and the abdominal wall is also removed. The lymph nodes near the rectum are removed and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
  • Pelvic exenteration : If the cancer has spread to other organs near the rectum, the lower colon, rectum, and bladder are removed.

Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be given before surgery to shrink the tumor, make it easier to remove the cancer, and lessen problems with bowel control after surgery. Treatment given before surgery is called neoadjuvant therapy. Even if all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation is removed, some patients may be given radiation therapy or chemotherapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.

Chemotherapy

Certain types of drugs are used for stopping the growth of cancer cells or for destroying the cancer cells. The injection of these drugs is done into a vein from where they enter the bloodstream and they then travel through the entire body.

Radiation therapy

High-energy beams are used for destroying cancer cells. Internal radiation and external radiation are the two types of radiation therapy. A radioactive substance that is sealed in catheters, needles wires or seeds is placed close to the cancer in the case of internal radiation. On the other hand, linear accelerators outside the body are used for sending radiation to the cancer in the case of external radiation. The type of radiation depends on the stage and type of the cancer.

Head & Neck Cancer

Most head and neck cancers begin in the cells that line the mucosal surfaces in the head and neck area, e.g., mouth, nose, and throat. Mucosal surfaces are moist tissues lining hollow organs and cavities of the body open to the environment. Normal mucosal cells look like scales (squamous) under the microscope, so head and neck cancers are often referred to assquamous cell carcinomas. Some head and neck cancers begin in other types of cells. For example, cancers that begin in glandular cells are called adenocarcinomas.

Types of Head and Neck Cancer
  • Nasaopharyngeal Cancer : The nasopharynx is the airway passageway at the upper part of the nose at the back of the nose.
  • Salivary Gland Cancer : Saliva produced by the salivary gland is the fluid that is released within the mouth in order to keep the mouth moist. Mouth helps in breaking down the food as it contains certain enzymes
  • Hypopharyngeal and Laryngeal Cancer : A tube shaped organ located in the neck used for swallowing, breathing and talking is the larynx. The hypopharnx, also referred to as gullet, is the lower part of the throat surrounding the larynx.
  • Oropharyngeal and Oral Cancer : Both tongue and the mouth is included in the oral cavity. The middle part of the throat is included in oropharynx.
  • Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer : The air-filled areas surrounding the nasal cavity is known as the paranasal sinuses. The space at the back of the nose from where air passes on the way to the throat is known as the nasal cavity.

Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Options at Best Cancer Hospitals in India

Chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy are the three main types of treatment for administering head and neck cancer. Surgery or radiation therapy is considered as the primary treatments while chemotherapy is usually used as an adjuvant or additional treatment. Primary cancer can be easily treated with the help of radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also effectively treat the neck. A neck dissection is also sometimes necessary for removing involved lymph nodes in the neck when the amount of disease in the neck nodes is very wide.

Surgery is considered as a very important treatment that can be done either before or after the radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is given afterward when it is necessary to remove the primary tumor surgically. The tumor is first tried to shrink by using radiotherapy and surgery is followed by radiotherapy.

Following radiation therapy procedures are used for treating head and neck cancer
  • Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): The specific areas inside the tumor or malignant tumors are targeted by this high-precision radiotherapy that makes use of computer-controlled x-ray accelerators that delivers precise radiation doses. The high intensity radiation beam is focused on the tumor so as to damage it without disturbing any surrounding healthy cells.
  • External Beam Therapy (EBT) : Through this therapy, a high-energy beam x-rays are delivered at the location of the tumor. The tumor site is the target of this beam and it can destroy cancer cells while sparing nearby healthy tissues. There is no placement of radioactive sources in the body of a patient.